Publications

The current debate on fossil fuel subsidies focuses too little on the underlying core question: does the abolishment of such subsidies support the energy transition and hence climate policy? →

We introduce two novel tools to enhance our understanding of international trade. Through the trade cost index, we compute the complete trade costs within a value chain. With the new gravity model that also incorporates... →

Firms face various trade costs that affect their international competitiveness. These include not only direct tariffs on imports and exports but also less obvious indirect tariffs imposed at different points in the... →

The CPB World Trade Monitor (WTM) is an instrument for bringing together, aggregating, and summarizing worldwide monthly data on international trade and industrial production. Its purpose is to report monthly... →

Firms have absorbed the higher costs for gas and electricity with energy savings and price increases for customers. The higher energy prices are expected to lead to only a limited number of additional loss-making firms. →

The dip in productivity growth in 2020 was followed by a strong recovery in 2021. As in most years, the growth in labour productivity in 2021 is mainly driven by the growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP).... →

How do increases in energy prices transmit to real economic activity and influence the distribution of income? Does it matter whether households receive capital or labor income? What are the distributional and... →

This study examines to what extent international student assessments are an accurate indicator of educational performance and concludes that various problems can influence the score and position of the Netherlands. →

Energy cap dampens purchasing power risks, but is not a structural solution. →

Interest rates have been trending downward since at least 1980s in developed economies, including the euro area. In fact, real rates (the real rate is the interest rate adjusted for inflation) are now at historically low levels. →